FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNITY EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION WITHIN WARRI REFINING AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (WRPC) ENVIRONS, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18250185Keywords:
Air Pollution, Exposure, Driving Force, Pressure, WRPCAbstract
The study examined socio-economic factors which instigate and enhance exposure to pollution by residents of communities (Ubeji, Ifie-Kporo, Jeddo and Ekpan) around Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company of Nigeria (WRPC). Knowledge of such factors would provide basis for reducing exposure to pollution from point sources by enforcing planning regulations and extensive buffering around industries. The factors were determined using information retrieved from 379 copies of questionnaire, and analyzed descriptively using the Drivers, Pressures, State, Exposures, Effects and Actions (DPSEEA) framework. The results of the study revealed that refinery activities (32.5%) and a high proportion of migrant population (67.3%), the use of private owned electric power generating sets (74.%), vehicular traffic (2.4%) and bush burning (2.4%) were the major instigating factors which exposed residents to pollution in the study area. Family ties/ marriage (31.4%), employment and business opportunities (18.2%) and security and cheap housing (3.4%) were also reported to be the major reasons attracting new settlers to the area. The study recommends the enforcement of legislations reducing or banning emissions from industries and bush burning (37.5%), the use of alternative energy source (33.2%) and the use of ‘controls in refinery processes (11.9%), in preventing and managing the factors which instigate and enhance exposure to pollution.
Downloads
References
Abdel-rahman, A. A. (2008). On the Atmospheric Dispersion and Gaussian Plume Model. In N. E. Mastorakis, M., Poulos, V., Mladenov, Z., Bojkovic, D., Simian, S., Kartalopoulos, A., Varonides, C., Udriste (Eds.), Proceedings at the 2nd International Conference on Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Indoor Climate (pp 31-39). Corfu, Greece: WSEAS press. Retrieved from https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/18821/1/wwai30a.pdf
Akpan, A. O. and Udo, H. I. (2016). Challenges of Air Pollution on Human Health in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health Promotion, 9.
Al-Hasnawi, S. S., Hussain, H. M., Al-Ansari, N. and Knutsson, S. (2016). The Effect of the Industrial Activities on Air Pollution at Baiji and its Surrounding Areas, Iraq. Engineering, 8, 34-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2016.810 04
Amann M., Kiesewetter, G., Schöpp, W., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W., Cofala, J., Rafaj, P. ……………… Pavarini, C. (2020). Reducing Global Air Pollution: The Scope for Further Policy interventions. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, A (378), 20190331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.033 1
Basorun, J. O. and Olamiju, I. O. (2013). Environmental Pollution and Refinery Operations in an Oil Producing Region of Nigeria: A Focus on Warri Petrochemical Company. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 2 (6), 18-23.
Burr, W. S., Dales, R., Liu, L., Stieb, D., Smith-Doiron, M., Jovic, B., Kauri, L. M. and Shin, H. H. (2018). The Oakville Oil Refinery Closure and Its Influence on Local Hospitalizations: A Natural Experiment on Sulfur Dioxide. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (9), 2029.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092029 Han, L., Zhou, W., Pickett, S. T. A., Li, W., and Qian, Y. (2019). Risks and Causes of Population Exposure to Cumulative
Fine Particulate (PM2.5) Pollution in China. Earth's Future, 7, 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001182 Khatatbeh, M., Alzoubi, K., Khabour, O., and Al-Delaimy, W. (2020). Adverse Health Impacts of Living near an Oil Refinery in Jordan. Environmental Health Insights. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786 30220985794
Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A. and Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020) Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review Front. Public Health 8(14). http://dx.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014
National Population Commission, NPC (1991). Final Results of 1991 Population Census of Nigeria. National Population Commission, Nigeria.
National Population Commission, NPC (2010). 2006 Population and Housing Census, Priority Table Volume III: Population Distribution by Sex, State, LGA and Senatorial District. National Population Commission, Nigeria.
Nwachukwu, A. N., Chukwuocha, E. O. and Igbudu O. (2012) A survey on the effects of air pollution on diseases of the people of Rivers State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 6(10), 371-379. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJE ST
Obafemi, A. A., Eludoyin, O. S. and Akinbosola, B. M. (2012). Public Perception of Environmental Pollution in Warri, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 16 (3), pp. 233 – 240.
Ragothaman, A. and Anderson, W. A. (2017). Air Quality Impacts of Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries. Environments, 4 (66), 1-16. http://dx.doi:10.3390/environments403 0066
Sofia, D., Gioiella, F., Lotrecchiano, N., and Giuliano, A. (2020). Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Air Pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08647-x
Steinle, S., Reis, S. and Sabel, C. E. (2012). Developing a Conceptual Model for the Assessment of Personal Exposure to Air Pollution. 2012 International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software: Managing Resources of a Limited Planet. International Environmental Modeling and Software Society (iEMSs), Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany. http://www.iemss.org/society/index.ph p/iemss-2012-proceedings
Tawari, C. C. and Abowei, J. F. N. (2012). Air Pollution in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1(2), 94-117.
Vivian, E. L., Blamah, V. N., Ezemokwe, I. (2012). Socio-economic Impact of the Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KPRC) on the Rido Area of Kaduna Metropolis. Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, 3 (5), 124-139.
Waheed, B., Khan, F. and Veitch, B. F. (2009). Linkage-Based Frameworks for Sustainability Assessment: Making a Case for Driving Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action (DPSEEA) Frameworks. Sustainability, 1, 441-463; https://doi:10.3390/su1030441
West, S. E., Büker, P., Ashmore, M., Njoroge, G., Welden, N., Muhoza, C., Osano, P., …… and Apondo, W. (2020). Particulate Matter Pollution in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi: Using Citizen Science to make the Invisible Visible. Applied Geography, 114 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019. 102133.
Winstrand, J. (2009). The Effects of a Refinery on Property Values – The Case of Sweden. Working Paper 2009:10, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
World Health Organisation (2017). Air Pollution. (Accessed online 14th May, 2019) http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollutio n/en/
World Health Organization (1999). Environmental Health Indicators: Framework and Methodologies. Occupational and Environmental Health Series. WHO/SDE/OEH/99.10. Geneva: WHO
Wuebbles, D. J. and Sanyal, S. (2015). Air Quality in a Cleaner Energy World. Current Pollution Reports, 1(2), 117–129. http://dx.doi:10.1007/s40726-015-
0009-x
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accepted paper becomes the permanent property of the International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (IJREE) and may not be reproduced by any means without the written permission of the Editorial board.
