International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment
The International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (IJREE) is a publication of the National Centre for Energy and Environment. The Journal contains scientific research into all aspects of Renewable Energy resources, their interaction with the environment and relationship with man. This journal is multidisciplinary in approach and interdisciplinary in scope promoting findings in a wide range of subject areas: Renewable Energy Technology, Agricultural Engineering Technology, Biomass Feedstock and Conversion, Environmental Forensics, Environmental Law and Policy, Environmental Management, Human Health and Life cycle Assessment, Biological Modelling, Environmental Engineering, Energy Efficiency, Climate Change and Carbon Capture Technology. In view of the multidisciplinary nature of the journal, the Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Committee are made up of a broad spectrum of internationally recognized scientist, academicians and policy makers who will encourage publications that display only the highest standards of international scholarship.
National Centre for Energy and Environment
Accepted paper becomes the permanent property of the International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (IJREE) and may not be reproduced by any means without the written permission of the Editorial board.
FRACTIONATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL FROM ACTIVE AUTOMOBILE WORKSHOPS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Heavy metals are potentially toxic to human life and the environment. Therefore, determining the chemical forms of metals in soil is essential for evaluating their mobility and bioavailability. This study investigated the speciation of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and V) in soils around automobile repair workshops in Benin City, South-South Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–15 cm using a soil auger. Control samples were obtained from a farmland at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin. The modified BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate the soil samples into four operational groups: exchangeable/carbonate (B1), Fe-Mn oxide-bound (B2), organic-bound (B3), and residual (R) fractions. Metal concentrations in the extracts were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Cadmium, Cr, Ni, and V were predominantly found in the exchangeable/carbonate fraction, while Pb was primarily associated with the residual fraction. The total bioavailable metal content across zones followed the order: SW > NE > SE > NW. The average mobility factors for Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and V across all zones were 22.08%, 30.75%, 24.47%, 32.63%, and 32.88%, respectively.
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A BALANCED MULTI-MODAL THERMAL AND PASSIVE MILLIMETER-WAVE DATASET FOR DEEP LEARNING-BASED CONCEALED WEAPON DETECTION
In the field of smart city security surveillance, automated concealed weapon detection using non-invasive imaging remains a challenge. However, no publicly available dataset provides balanced, paired, and pre-processed thermal infrared (TIR) and passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imagery specifically designed for training deep learning models and facilitating fair cross-modality comparison. The present study aimed to curate and standardize a balanced, multimodal dataset that enables the systematic evaluation of detection algorithms under controlled conditions. A dataset was designed that comprised 686 images from each of the secondary Thermal Infrared (TIR) and Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) modalities, using the FLIR Breach PTQ136 camera and Ka-band radiometer of 34 GHz frequency, respectively. The images were subjected to image flipping, rotation, scaling to a size of 224 × 224 pixels, normalizing to [0, 1] scale, and splitting into stratified partitions (70:20:10). This led to balanced binary classes with an augmentation of 1.72× for the TIR modality. Thus, the study curated a balanced dataset of 1,372 thermal and millimeter-wave images. Results show successful class parity and standardized preprocessing. Recommendations include collecting synchronized image pairs and expanding to outdoor environments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND SPECIFICATION WRITING IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION: A FRAMEWORK FOR RESPONSIBLE AI INTEGRATION
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing how architectural knowledge is created, communicated, and taught. Yet its role in teaching technical specification writing, one of the most critical forms of professional communication in architecture, has received little attention. Specifications translate design intentions into precise, legally binding instructions governing materials, standards, and construction performance, and so demand accuracy, technical knowledge, and professional responsibility. This paper proposes a conceptual framework, AI-Integrated Specification Writing (AISW), for integrating AI into specification-writing instruction in architectural education. Adapted from an existing AI mentoring model, the framework follows a three-stage design, application, and evaluation structure, modified to the procedural, technical, and regulatory demands of specification pedagogy. It positions AI as a supportive learning tool within instructor-guided, standards-based activities, while addressing concerns around ethics, regulation, and academic integrity. The central argument is that effective AI use in specification-writing education depends less on the sophistication of the technology than on thoughtful instructional design, sound institutional policy, and the development of students' professional judgment. As a conceptual, literature-based framework, its claims are necessarily preliminary; empirical testing of AISW in classroom settings is identified as the paper's central limitation. The paper closes by outlining implications for curriculum development, assessment practices, and future research.
EXTRACTION, PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND IN-VIVO ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF CISSUS ARGUTA LEAVES
The study focused on the extraction, characterization, and antipyretic activities of methanol extract from Cissus arguta leaves. The experimental procedures involved sample collection, preparation, and solvent extraction using methanol extract in a Soxhlet extractor. The extract was further characterized for its phytochemical constituents following standard procedure. Male and female albino rats were used for the studies, and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia was conducted the animal models prior to the antipyretic treatment with the extract. Phytochemical screening revealed cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and quinones. The antipyretic analysis showed that the plant is significantly effective. Compared to a dose of 150mg/kg paracetamol with a mean reduction of 1.258o, that of C. arguta leaves was 0.725o for 150 mg/kg, 1.217o for 300 mg/kg and 2.133o for 400 mg/kg. Our findings support the potential therapeutic use of C. arguta as a natural antipyretic agent, suitable for Integration into modern healthcare. This revealed alternative therapies, leveraging on the rich biodiversity of our natural environment.
GIS BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN IKPOBA-OKHA LGA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
In Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area (LGA), Edo State, rapid urbanization, population growth, and industrial expansion have led to the large-scale conversion of agricultural land into residential, commercial, and industrial uses. This study assesses the rate and drivers of land use and land cover (LULC) over 30 years (1993–2023), its impacts on agricultural land use, and the mitigation strategies adopted by farmers and landowners. A mixed-method approach was employed, integrating Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis, alongside questionnaires, Focused Group Discussions, and field observations. A purposive sampling technique was used to select farmers and landowners from ten communities. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, including percentages, presented through tables, charts, and maps. Findings reveal a 263.30% increase in built-up areas, from 12.7% (106.662 km²) in 1993 to 46.16% (387.489 km²) in 2023, while agricultural land declined by 35.13%. The primary drivers of LULCC include urban expansion, population pressure, and weak land-use policies. The most commonly adopted public mitigation strategies are agroforestry, land tenure agreements, and land monitoring committees, while government-supported interventions and relocation efforts remain limited. The study concludes that LULCC has significantly reduced agricultural land, exacerbating land-use conflicts, food insecurity, and environmental degradation in Ikpoba-Okha. It recommends stronger zoning regulations, increased financial support for farmers, and improved infrastructure to balance urban growth with agricultural sustainability.
EFFECT OF HEAVY VEHICLE TRAFFIC ON BENIN – AUCHI ROAD, EKPOMA AXIS
The continuous deterioration of pavement in Ekpoma has been adduced largely to the rapid increase in heavy vehicles carrying much in excess of permitted legal limits. The present study investigated levels of deterioration caused by heavy vehicles through 14days’ traffic counts conducted at 5 strategic points each in the city. Traffic data generated from vehicle count were analyzed with AASTHO Designs Guidelines (1993) to evaluate Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) and vehicle damage effects on the road. The Traffic Volume, Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and Heavy Vehicle per day (HV/day) were 694,023, 49,573 and 19,239 respectively. Motorcycles, passenger cars, mini buses/pick – ups and heavy vehicles constitute about 6.3% (44,059), 37.9% (262,743), 19.9% (117,878) and 38.8% (269,343) of the total traffic volume respectively. An average Load Equivalency Factor (LEFs) was estimated for the heavy vehicles plying the road to be 3.06 and this could explain some failures (alligator cracks, potholes, depressions, linear or longitudinal cracks along the center line amongst others) inherent on the road. Installation and operation of weigh bridges in strategic locations are essential to monitoring and regulating the axle loads of heavy vehicles using Nigerian roads, ensuring that they do not exceed the maximum allowable load limit prescribed in pavement design specifications.
ASSESSMENT OF POPULATION PRESSURE ON WATER SUPPLY RELIABILITY IN GOMBE METROPOLIS, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
Water is essential for all forms of life, yet its availability is increasingly threatened by rapid population growth, particularly in urban centres of developing nations. This study assessed population pressure on water supply reliability in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing population data from the National Population Commission spanning two decades (2006–2025), water supply records from the Gombe State Water Corporation, and structured questionnaires administered to 400 residents across the metropolis. Time series analysis, Mann-Kendall rank statistics, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to analyse the relationship between population dynamics and water supply patterns. The findings revealed that Gombe Metropolis experienced a remarkable population increase from 312,467 in 2006 to 630,413 in 2025, representing a 102% growth rate. Conversely, water supply volumes remained erratic and failed to demonstrate any commensurate upward trajectory, fluctuating between 5,122 m³ and 10,123 m³ annually without a clear increasing trend. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (-0.065) indicated a weak negative correlation between population growth and water supply, confirming that water supply variations are largely independent of demographic changes. The per capita water availability stands at a critically low 10.36 litres per capita per day, far below the Nigerian national target of 60–100 LPCD and the WHO minimum recommendation of 50 LPCD. This severe deficit has forced residents to rely on expensive alternative sources, with households spending upwards of N30, 000 monthly on water procurement. The study concludes that population pressure has significantly compromised water supply reliability in Gombe Metropolis, creating a scenario where demand consistently outstrips supply. The situation is exacerbated by infrastructural deficiencies, operational inefficiencies, and geological challenges that complicate groundwater access. Urgent interventions are required, including expansion of treatment plant capacity, investment in distribution networks, adoption of water conservation strategies, and implementation of integrated water resource management frameworks to ensure sustainable water security for the growing population.
STUDY OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION AND CIRCULATION ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVING WAYFINDING IN BUILDINGS
Understanding the process of wayfinding entails looking at both its academic perspective and the everyday applications, this sets the premise that the collective systems of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive stimuli differ in magnitude, direction and frequency. The inappropriate coordination of these systems results in spatial disorientation. This paper previews the fundamental definitions of the concept of wayfinding relative to buildings and spatial orientation. To do this, a mixed method approach is utilized which involves reviews of the underlying Spatial Cognizance Principles and circulation patterns. It further presents three Case studies and Axial analysis of selected buildings as means of identifying efficient methods of circulation and movement within large building types like Hospitals. The results derived from this study includes identification of effective patterns of circulations as well as deductions indicating that the challenges of wayfinding is reduced through the adoption of less complex layouts with more linear sightlines that enable visual connectivity to destinations.
ASSESSING GEOMORPHODYNAMIC IMPACTS OF GULLY EROSION IN SOUTHERN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
Gully erosion poses a significant environmental threat in Southern Gombe State, Nigeria, yet assessments and interventions have remained geographically restricted despite widespread devastation. This study assessed the geomorphodynamic impacts of gully erosion across seven local government areas, employing field surveys and morphometric measurements of 130 permanent gully sites. Results revealed three gully types: continuous (35%), discontinuous (55%), and bank (10%), affecting 34,499.2 hectares (4.3% of the study area). Continuous gullies occupied the largest area (64%) due to favorable conditions including large drainage basins and deep soils, while discontinuous gullies, though numerically superior, covered only 11% of affected land. Gully dimensions were severe, with depths reaching 20m, lengths exceeding 10km, and widths up to 68m. Distinct geomorphodynamic processes operated across LGAs: drainage capture and sediment deposition in Akko; channel widening and high sediment yield in Balanga; mass wasting in Billiri; slope undercutting in Gombe; headward retreat in Kaltungo; network expansion in Shongom; and wall slumping in Yamaltu-Deba. These processes have converted productive agricultural land into dissected terrain, threatening food security, infrastructure, and livelihoods in this agrarian region. The study concludes that current engineering-dominated interventions are inadequate, frequently failing within 2-3 years, and recommends integrated, process-based approaches that work with natural geomorphological dynamics rather than against them. LGA-specific strategies including sediment trapping, vegetative stabilization, and improved drainage management are proposed to address the varying erosion mechanisms across the region.
WASTE-TO-ENERGY CONVERSION FOR SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: A THERMODYNAMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Rapid urbanization and increasing municipal solid waste generation in Lagos, Nigeria, have intensified environmental challenges and energy deficits. This study investigates the potential of waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion as a sustainable pathway for electricity generation, using thermodynamic and environmental analysis frameworks. The research evaluates key WtE technologies—incineration, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis—based on their energy efficiency, calorific value of local waste streams, and greenhouse gas emission profiles. Primary and secondary data on waste composition, generation rates, and energy demand in Lagos were integrated into thermodynamic models to estimate power generation potential and system performance.Results indicate that Lagos generates over 13,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, with a significant organic fraction suitable for energy recovery. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that incineration and gasification offer the highest energy yields, with potential electricity generation ranging between 400–600 MW, depending on system efficiency and feedstock variability. Environmental assessment shows that WtE technologies can significantly reduce landfill dependency, methane emissions, and public health risks when properly managed. However, challenges such as high capital costs, technological limitations, and policy gaps remain critical barriers. The study concludes that integrating WtE into Lagos’ energy mix can enhance sustainable electricity supply, improve waste management, and support climate change mitigation goals. Policy recommendations emphasize investment in modern WtE infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and public-private partnerships.
CLIMATE-RESILIENT HOUSING STRATEGIES IN FLOOD-PRONE URBAN AREAS: A GIS-BASED ASSESSMENT OF SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
Flooding has become one of the most severe environmental and socio-economic challenges confronting urban settlements in Nigeria, especially in rapidly urbanizing coastal and low-lying cities. This study assesses climate-resilient housing strategies in flood-prone urban areas using a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis of Benin City, Warri, and Port Harcourt. The objectives of the study were to identify flood-prone zones, examine the spatial distribution of housing within vulnerable areas, evaluate existing climate-resilient housing strategies, and recommend sustainable planning measures for reducing flood risks. The study adopted a mixed-method approach involving GIS spatial analysis, field observations, and secondary data collection. Data sources included satellite imagery, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), rainfall and hydrological records, land-use maps, and urban planning documents. GIS techniques such as overlay analysis, flood susceptibility mapping, buffer analysis, and vulnerability indexing were employed to classify areas into high, moderate, and low flood-risk zones. Findings reveal that significant portions of residential developments in Port Harcourt and Warri are located within high-risk flood zones due to coastal exposure, wetland encroachment, poor drainage systems, and uncontrolled urbanization. Benin City shows moderate but increasing flood vulnerability associated with blocked drainage channels and rapid urban expansion. Existing climate-resilient housing measures identified include elevated foundations, reinforced concrete structures, improved drainage systems, and raised floor platforms, although these measures remain largely inadequate and poorly regulated. The study concludes that integrating GIS-based planning, strict land-use regulation, climate-adaptive housing policies, and sustainable drainage infrastructure is essential for enhancing urban resilience and reducing flood risks in Nigerian cities.
AMELIORATIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN C AGAINST ZINC-OXIDE NANOPARTICLE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION IN MALE WISTAR RATS
The protective effect of vitamin C (Vit C) against ZnO NP-induced kidney toxicity in male Wistar rats was investigated in this study. Thirty rats Obtained from the Animal house of the Department of Anatomy, University of Benin, were divided into five groups: Group A: Control (distilled water), Group B: ZnO only (70 mg/kg), and three co-treatment groups receiving ZnO (70 mg/kg) plus Vit C at 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg for 7 days (Group C, D and E, respectively). Exposure to ZnO NPs led to significantly (p<0.05) increased total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and sodium levels, modified urea and bicarbonate concentrations, altered superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and led to severe tubular necrosis in group B. Co-administration with vitamin C at 100 and 200 mg/kg resulted in the restoration of these biochemical parameters, reduced oxidative stress, and ameliorated histopathological lesions in a dose-dependent manner. However, there was 100% mortality in the group that received 500 mg/kg vitamin C, suggesting a paradoxical pro-oxidant effect at supraphysiological doses. These findings proved that vitamin C at optimal doses (100–200 mg/kg) effectively alleviates ZnO NP-induced nephrotoxicity through antioxidant mechanisms, but high doses may likely exacerbate toxicity. Establishing therapeutic windows is essential for antioxidant augmentation in nanotoxicology.
VEGETABLE SEED OIL-BASED MACHINING FLUIDS: A REVIEW
This review investigates the potential of vegetable seed oils as sustainable, biodegradable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based metalworking fluids (MWFs). The study synthesizes existing research on the formulation, performance and application of vegetable oil-based metal working fluids. This choice was motivated by severe environmental; health and economic problems associated with the use of mineral oils. The findings revealed that vegetable oils, due to their polar fatty acid structure, offer superior inherent lubricity, excellent biodegradability, and effective cooling. It consistently outperforms dry machining and often rivals mineral oils by significantly reducing surface roughness, cutting temperature, tool wear, and cutting forces across operations like turning, milling, and drilling. The review highlights the critical role of additives (such as EP agents, antioxidants) and advanced formulations, including nanofluids and chemically modified oils, in overcoming challenges such as poor oxidative stability. Furthermore, sustainable application methods including minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) are emphasized as key to minimizing fluid consumption. Despite promising results, the findings identify persistent challenges of thermal instability, microbial susceptibility, and formulation complexity and underscores a significant research gap: the unexplored potential of African Elemi seed oil as a base for MWFs. The study concludes that vegetable seed oil-based MWFs are viable, eco-friendly solutions for green manufacturing, with future success depending on the optimization of non-edible oils, advanced additive packages, and hybrid application techniques.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN STREET-ROASTED PLANTAIN ACROSS URBAN MICROENVIRONMENTS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Spatial information on the origins of heavy metal contamination in street-vended foods is essential for evidence-based urban food-safety governance. This study combined the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Pearson correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to characterise the spatial variability and source apportionment of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in street-roasted plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) from ten urban microenvironments in Benin City, Nigeria. Concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper exceeded the FAO/WHO limit of 0.5 mg/kg at all ten sites, peaking at 2.67 mg/kg at New Benin, whereas Pb and Zn stayed below their limits everywhere. The PLI exceeded unity at every site, from 1.63 (Iyaro) to 2.60 (New Benin), indicating city-wide enrichment above background. PCA resolved two components explaining 80.5% of variance: PC1 (57.9%) loaded positively on Fe, Zn and Cu with a contrasting negative Pb loading, and PC2 (22.6%) was Pb-dominated. Only Zn-Cu was significantly correlated (r = 0.67, p < 0.05), and HCA independently separated Fe-Zn-Cu from Pb. These results indicate two contrasting pathways, a diffuse commercial-cookware signal for Fe-Zn-Cu and a traffic-linked signal for Pb, informing targeted regulation of street-food vending.
URBAN EXPANSION AND CHANGES IN NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX OF BENIN CITY
The study examined the trends in urban expansion and changes in vegetation of Benin City between 1991 to 2006 and 2021. The study employed remote sensing and geographic information systems for the spatial analysis. The result of the analyzed data showed a spatio-temporal urban expansion in the built-up area. The built-up area of Benin City increased spatially by 116.67km² between 1991 and 2006 and by 203.67km² between 2006 and 2021. For the 30years period (1991-2021), Benin City witnessed areal expansion of 633.54km². This indicates a remarkable vegetation loss of about 29km2 in lieu of urban expansion. The trend of depletion in vegetation was followed up by massive urbanization that led to expansion of the built- up area of 34.4587km2 within the periods. Also, findings revealed that there was a corollary between urban expansion and decrease in vegetation. The computed NDVI showed a significant reduction in vegetation of the study area. The NDVI of 1991 was 0.63 (approx.63%), by 2006 it decreased to 0.53 (approx.53%) and by 2021 it has reduced to 0.47 (approx.47%). This was substantiated with the use of one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in validating the result. The test statistics showed a significant difference in the mean of NDVI for the three consecutive periods (P<0.005). The mean NDVI for the three periods showed, 0.64 in 1992, 0.53 in 2006 and 0.47 in 2022. This implies that, as the city expands, it encroached into vegetated areas progressively. Hence, urban expansion lends credence to decrease in urban vegetation which results in several ecological challenges. In view of this, the study recommends adaptation measures such as afforestation, legislation on deforestation, green revolution, creation of shelter belts, parks and reserves and effective planning that is geared toward creating a conducive environment.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AN ARDUINO-CONTROLLED SOLAR- POWERED EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM FOR POST-HARVEST PRESERVATION OF TOMATOES AND HOT PEPPER IN SEMI-ARID NIGERIA
Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables remain a significant challenge in developing regions due to inadequate storage infrastructure and limited access to reliable energy. The present designed and developed an Arduino-controlled solar-powered evaporative cooling system for postharvest preservation of tomatoes and hot pepper under semi-arid conditions. The system integrates a natural jute fiber evaporative pad, a solar photovoltaic power supply, a water recirculation unit, and a microcontroller- based control mechanism to regulate the storage microclimate. Performance evaluation was conducted through no-load and load tests. Under no-load conditions, the system consistently reduced internal temperature while increasing relative humidity, reaching up to 98%, thereby establishing a stable cooling environment based on adiabatic evaporation. For the load test, 2 kg of tomatoes and 1 kg of hot pepper were stored inside the chamber and compared with equal quantities kept under ambient conditions. The system maintained high relative humidity levels (approximately 80–98%) and achieved moderate reductions in temperature relative to ambient conditions. Although cooling performance was influenced by ambient humidity, the system effectively minimized vapour pressure deficit, reducing moisture loss and slowing physiological deterioration of the produce. The findings demonstrate that the system having Saturation efficiency (SE) of 95% offers a low-cost, energy-efficient and sustainable approach for postharvest storage. Its capacity to maintain high humidity and moderate temperature conditions supports extended shelf life of perishable produce in environments where conventional Energy is not readily available but has abundant Solar energy.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST IOT-ENABLED REMOTE SENSING DEVICE FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
This study evaluates the effectiveness of an IoT-enabled remote sensing device for real-time water quality monitoring, tailored to the unique challenges of developing countries like Nigeria. Utilizing a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, temperature, TDS, and turbidity sensors, and Firebase Realtime Database for data storage, the system provides accurate and timely insights into water quality parameters. Tested in a controlled aquaculture pond, the device demonstrated its efficiency in gathering and transmitting data, supporting both environmental monitoring and aquaculture optimization. The system's low-cost, energy-efficient design makes it accessible for resource-constrained settings, addressing the historical underutilization of IoT technologies in developing nations. This innovation holds potential for broad applications, from sustainability research and guiding government policies to enable real-time monitoring of natural water bodies, promoting better water resource management and environmental stewardship.
FUZZY LOGIC-BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
This study reviews the applications of fuzzy logic in energy management systems (EMS) for hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) constitute a collection of renewable sources, including solar, wind or hydropower to provide energy reliably and sustainably, however their performance is highly influenced by the intermittent and unpredictable characteristics of green energy generation. Thanks to its capacity to work in the shaded overall vision, fuzzy logic is an excellent fit for this obstacle in spite of uncertainty, undeniable and deficient information. The key components of the fuzzy logic-based EMS are (fuzzification, rule base, inference mechanism and defuzzification) which demonstrate how these components support an adaptive and intelligent energy management. This contributes to the flexibility, efficiency and reliability of HRES by dynamically responding to fluctuations in energy generation and demand. As per the paper, using fuzzy logic together with artificial intelligence and machine learning can also help improve forecasting and decision-making. All in all, fuzzy logic shows itself as a useful mechanism for sustainable energy optimization.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION IN IOT-ENABLED MANUFACTURING USING FUZZY ALGORITHMS
This review examines the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and fuzzy logic algorithms for improving energy efficiency in manufacturing systems. Rising energy costs, environmental concerns, and the need for sustainable industrial operations have increased interest in intelligent energy management approaches. IoT technologies enable real-time monitoring of machine performance, process conditions, and energy consumption through interconnected sensors and devices. However, the large volume of data generated in such environments is often uncertain, incomplete, or imprecise. Fuzzy logic algorithms provide a suitable solution by supporting flexible decision-making under uncertain conditions. The article discusses how the combination of IoT and fuzzy logic can optimize energy use, reduce waste, improve operational efficiency, and support predictive maintenance in manufacturing environments. It also highlights key implementation challenges, including data processing complexity, system integration, and the need for adaptive control strategies. In addition, the review outlines the major benefits of this approach, such as cost reduction, environmental sustainability, and improved production performance. Overall, the review shows that IoT-enabled manufacturing systems supported by fuzzy logic offer strong potential for intelligent and sustainable energy optimization in modern industrial settings.
ASSESSEMENT OF THE BASELINE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS OF ESAN SOUTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
The knowledge of spatial distribution of soil organic carbon is an important requirement for understanding the role of soils in the global carbon system. In this study, soil samples were obtained from the land of different uses in Esan South East Local Government Area, Edo State, South-South Nigeria, in order to determine the forms and spatial distribution of organic carbon content of the soils. The soils were collected from 0 – 15cm (topsoil) and 15 – 30cm (subsoil) depths. The soil samples were physically fractionated into labile organic carbon fraction and recalcitrant organic carbon fraction following standard methods. Selected physiochemical properties of the soils were also determined and the results obtained were subjected to statistical analyses. The result showed that the labile organic carbon fraction accounted for 15 percent of the total organic carbons while the recalcitrant organic carbon fraction accounted for 85 percent indicating that the recalcitrant organic carbon fraction is of a greater proportion than the labile organic carbon fraction. These fractions were found to be decreasing also with the depth. The soil organic carbon is also low. The study also shows that the different land uses contributed to the relatively low levels labile organic carbon in the soil hence appropriate crop and soil management practices are required in maintaining or improving the organic carbon status of the soil.
PHOSPHORYLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN AND ITS APPLICATION ON MILITARY UNIFORM AS A FLAME RETARDANT
The use of coconut fiber an agricultural waste was considered as an environmentally friendly and affordable alternative in the formulation of an environmentally friendly bio-based phosphorus containing flame retardant to be used on military uniforms in Nigerian defence system to mitigate the impact of fire hazards for soldiers during high-risk situations. This was achieved by extraction and modification of lignin from coconut husks using phosphoric acids. Strips of fabrics were treated with 30% aqueous solutions of virgin lignin (V-Lig) and phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig). The structures of the virgin lignin extracted(V-Lig) and the phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterizations showed that phosphate groups were covalently bonded to the lignin structure indicating the success of the lignin modifications. Strips of fabrics were treated with 30 % aqueous solutions of the virgin lignin (V-Lig) and the phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig). The thermo-gravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere performed at 950 oC with heating rate of 10 oC/min. For the flame retardant treated fabrics showed slow rate of weight loss with high char residue and high ultimate degradation temperatures (57 % weight loss with 42% char for V-Lig and 65 % weight loss with 50 % char for PM-Lig) against the untreated fabric sample which degraded completely with no char residue (100 % weight loss with 0 % char) indicating high thermal stability for the treated fabrics. Flammability characteristics of the treated fabric samples investigated by UL-90 horizontal burning test showed very high flame resistance (109.0 mms-1 burning rate with 94.071 % weight loss for V-Lig and 45 mms-1 burning rate with 66.4 % weight loss for the PM-Lig) when compared to the untreated fabric sample (127.2 mms-1 burning rate and 94.662 % weight loss) confirming the PM-Lig to be a good flame retardant for fabrics with an ease of application.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED COPING AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES TO FLOODING IN FLOOD-PRONE AREAS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
Flooding remains one of the most persistent environmental challenges affecting urban centres in Nigeria, especially rapidly growing cities with inadequate infrastructure and weak land-use control. This study evaluated community-based coping mechanisms and adaptive strategies to flooding in flood-prone areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. It examined residents’ experiences of flooding, identified the major causes and impacts of flood events, and assessed the effectiveness of coping strategies adopted by local communities. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, oral interviews, and field observations, while secondary data came from relevant official publications. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents from three flood-prone communities in Ilorin metropolis: Abdulwahab Folawiyo Road, Amilegbe/Ojagboro, and Abattoir along Sobi Barracks. Socio-economic characteristics were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, while an index termed Severity of flood Index (SFI) and Effectiveness of Coping Mechanisms Index (ECI) were developed. Findings showed that 65.8% of respondents had experienced flooding in the past year. Major causes identified were heavy rainfall (55.4%), indiscriminate waste disposal (35.8%), blocked drainage systems (26.5%), and development on floodplains (17.3%). The most severe impacts were on agricultural production (SFI=4.77), health (SFI =3.96), transportation (SFI=3.93), roads (SFI=3.68), and household property (SFI=3.62). Common coping measures included sandbags (35.4%), drainage clearing (20.0%), temporary protective structures (15.8%), and channelization of watercourses (9.6%). Protective structures had the highest effectiveness index (ECI=2.11), followed by drainage sediment removal (ECI = 2.04) and sand-filled sacks (ECI=1.89). The study concludes that community-based strategies significantly reduce flood impacts and recommends stronger institutional support, improved drainage infrastructure, effective land-use control, and integration of local adaptation practices into formal flood management policies.
Assessment of Physicochemical Quality and Microbial Contamination in Borehole Water from Benin City, Nigeria
This study evaluated the physicochemical quality, microbial contamination and possible health risks of borehole water samples taken from 12 locations in Benin City, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters, microbial indicators, and some heavy metals were analyzed in the water samples, and a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the public perception of water-quality risks. The mean pH of all samples was 5.50 ± 0.36, which was all acidic and 67% of boreholes had total coliforms present, while all physicochemical parameters met World Health Organization (WHO) and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) guidelines. The Occurrence of sporadic Escherichia coli suggested faecal contamination. Two general patterns were indicated by exploratory multivariate analysis: mineralization-related and a microbial-turbidity pattern. Heavy metals were found to have low risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, while microbial contamination still poses a public health risk. Routine monitoring, adjusted pH, enhanced disinfection and public awareness are recommended.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVED ONSITE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
Urbanisation in Nigeria has led to the emergence of unplanned neighbourhoods because the capacity of urban planning institutions to control urban growth in most cities has been outstripped. This has made the provisions of basic services challenging which have resulted into poor domestic wastewater management and severe pollution. While several studies have been carried out on domestic wastewater management system in developing countries, gap exists on a context specific framework to an improved domestic wastewater management in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to suggest a framework which will serve as a guide to attaining an improved onsite domestic wastewater management in developing countries. An extensive review was carried out on various approaches to improved domestic wastewater management. Considering the aim of the study, a conceptual framework for improved domestic wastewater management was suggested.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF WASH PRACTICE IN PERI-URBAN IKPOBA OKHA, NIGERIA
This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological quality of household and community drinking water sources. It examined associated water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices in selected peri-urban communities of Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving 191 households selected through systematic sampling. Data on water sources, treatment practices, sanitation facilities, hygiene behaviour, and recent waterborne illnesses were collected using structured questionnaires and observation checklists. Water samples from boreholes, wells, and packaged (sachet/bottled) sources were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters in accordance with World Health Organization drinking water standards. Boreholes were the main source of drinking water for 71.2% of households, followed by packaged water (28.8%), while only 35.6% of respondents treated water before consumption. Physicochemical parameters, including pH (6.6–7.8), electrical conductivity (120–510 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (85–380 mg/L), and nitrate levels (3.2–28.7 mg/L), were generally within recommended limits across all water sources. However, microbiological analysis revealed significant contamination, with total coliforms detected in 31% of borehole samples and 58% of well water samples, indicating possible faecal pollution despite acceptable chemical quality. Sanitation assessment showed that 56.5% of households used pit latrines, while 18.3% still practiced open defecation. Hygiene practices were suboptimal, as although 68.6% reported handwashing with soap after toilet use, 41.4% lacked functional handwashing facilities. Waterborne diseases were reported by 38.7% of households within six months preceding the survey, with children under five accounting for 44% of cases. Overall, the findings highlight persistent public health risks linked to microbiological water contamination and inadequate WASH practices, underscoring the need for routine water quality monitoring, improved groundwater protection, household water treatment, and strengthened sanitation and hygiene infrastructure.
SOURCE CHARACTERISATION OF CO₂ EMISSIONS IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES IN PORT HARCOURT: RELEVANCE FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
This study assessed the sources, operational drivers, and feasibility of implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) at the refinery. Data were collected from 18 staff members, including engineers, environmental officers, operations managers, and maintenance personnel, through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented by secondary reports. Respondents estimated annual CO₂ emissions between 1–5 million tonnes, with the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit (29.8%), fired heaters/boilers (27.2%), and steam methane reforming (SMR, 19.1%) identified as the primary contributors. Reported CO₂ concentrations in flue gases ranged from 5–15%, with FCC and SMR units exhibiting 8–12% and 12–15%, respectively, indicating suitability for post-combustion capture technologies. Energy consumption was concentrated in FCC (120–150 MW/day), boilers (80–100 MW/day), and SMR units (60–70 MW/day), further highlighting their role as major emission drivers. Capacity utilization post-2024 rehabilitation was 53.3% for the New Plant and 41.7% for the Old Plant, reflecting underutilization and operational instability. While 44% of staff demonstrated familiarity with CCS and identified existing natural gas pipelines and compression infrastructure as adaptable for CO₂ transport, 56% had limited or no knowledge, indicating gaps in technical readiness. The study concludes that targeted CCS implementation at high-emission units is technically feasible, but successful deployment requires enhanced monitoring systems, workforce training, and infrastructural assessment. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers and refinery management in Nigeria and contribute to strategies for emissions reduction in oil and gas operations in emerging economies.
THE POTENTIALS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF BIOMASS ENERGY: A REVIEW
Global increase in energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels have highlighted the need for sustainable alternatives, prompting expanded research into biomass as a renewable energy resource. Biomass are materials that have their route from organic materials like plants and animals, including by-products of agricultural, food and livestock industries have been confirmed as a source of renewable energy. This review provides an extensive assessment of energy derivative from biomass, their properties, prospect and challenges in utilisation as a source of energy. Papers from different authors were reviewed and their results point towards the problems encountered in their utilization; the merits proclaimed by authors of previous research have been pointed. Despite the hype in sustainability, reliability and environmental conserving properties, most countries are still over-reliant on fossil fuel. Therefore, this review highlights the merits and demerits of the use of biomass energy as a close substitute for conventional forms of energy It is concluded that most of the harmonisation techniques of using biomass a source of energy is still at the laboratory scale in some developing countries and ways of commercialising this technology was suggested.
ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN ROADSIDE SOILS AND SOME VEGETALES ALONG NNAMDI AZIKIWE EXPRESS WAY, KADUNA.
The research aimed to assess the spatial distribution of heavy metals in some vegetables and roadside soils along the Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway in Kaduna. The soil samples were collected at random from nine locations down to a depth of 20 cm in replicates. In the same area where the soil samples were collected, the vegetable samples were likewise chosen at random. The Nariya farm provided the control samples. The samples were allowed to air dry, mixed, and sieved. Nine soils and twenty-seven vegetables were used to prepare the samples. The samples were then digested using the wet technique. Using a pH meter and the conventional Walkley-Black method, the following physiochemical parameters were measured: pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and soil organic matter. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to assess the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni in soil and vegetable samples that were gathered from the roadside at Kawo, Panteka, Kurmin Mashi, Badikko, Tudun Wada, Kabala West, Kudenda, Nassarawa, and Trikania. The findings showed that the soil's pH was generally basic (7.8) and somewhat acidic (6.9). At Kawo and Nassarawa, the EC value was 0.278 ds/cm and the OC value was 12.0g/kg. Zn had the greatest mean concentration in mg/kg of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni, measuring 166.40. The same was true for vegetables, with Zn values of 278.28, 230.90, and 274.90 for spinach, lettuce, and cabbage, respectively. The contamination factor indicates that Ni is marginally enhanced in vegetables at Badikko and Tudun Wada and below the detection limit in all soil samples. For every metal, the translocation factor was less than 1, however at Kawo, Panteka, Badikko, Tudun Wada, and Nassarawa. With the exception of one location that exhibits heavy pollution with PLI >1, the area was not significantly polluted. Nonetheless, the assessment's findings show that there was an increased concentration of Zn and Pb at all nine locations, which was consistent with findings from other researchers. As a result, the toxicants were below the NESREA-established permissible limit. However, because of the metals present from various operations that took place at the site, the concentration of these metals does not follow a regular pattern; instead, fluctuation was seen in the sample. To reduce the spread of harmful contaminants into the environment, government organizations should, however, provide for legislation, awareness, education, waste management, a modern transportation system, and regular analysis.
THERMODYNAMIC AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BOX-TYPE SOLAR COOKERS: A REVIEW (2015–2025)
Access to clean cooking energy remains a critical challenge in sub-Saharan Africa despite abundant solar irradiance. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of box-type solar cookers published between 2015 and 2025, integrating first-law and second-law thermodynamic assessment. Nineteen experimental and field-based studies were synthesized using a random-effects model. The pooled thermal efficiency was 34.7% (95% CI: 32.9–36.5%), while reported exergy efficiency ranged between 8–15%, indicating substantial irreversibility primarily due to radiative and convective losses. Standardized mean difference analysis (Hedges’ g = 0.82) confirms that double-reflector configurations produce statistically significant performance improvements compared to single-reflector systems. Insulation improvements contributed moderately but with diminishing marginal gains. A generalized predictive efficiency correlation and uncertainty propagation framework are proposed to enable standardized cross-study benchmarking. Despite thermodynamic advancement, adoption rates remain below 20% in several semi-arid regions, demonstrating that engineering optimization alone does not guarantee large-scale deployment. The study provides an integrated analytical foundation for evaluating thermodynamic ceilings and socio-technical scalability of solar cooking technologies.
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF CALLINECTES AMNICOLA AND PENAEUS MONODON FROM ESCRAVOS ESTUARY, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined Ni and Pb concentrations in sediment, Callinectes amnicola, and Penaeus monodon from Escravos Estuary (EE), Delta State, Nigeria. The estuary was divided into three stations (X, Y, Z) based on fish landing sites, while seasonal sampling was dry (January to March) and wet (April to June) seasons in 2025. Sediment, C. amnicola, and P. monodon were collected for six months and analyzed for nickel, lead, and health risk indices—Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI)—using standard procedures. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics at 5% significance. Results revealed significant spatial and seasonal concentrations of nickel in sediments, which peaked at station Y (0.06±0.02 mg/kg) and were lowest at X (0.03±0.02 mg/kg). In contrast, seasonal values ranged from 0.03±0.02 to 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Lead was highest at X (0.04±0.02 mg/kg) and lowest at Y (0.04±0.01 mg/kg), with seasonal values 0.02±0.01–0.03±0.01 mg/kg. In C. amnicola, Ni-THQ was 0.0758, HI 0.6754, while P. monodon showed Ni-THQ 0.0249, HI 0.6710. Rising Ni and Pb levels, alongside elevated risk indices, indicate threats to species abundance and human consumers. Regular monitoring of EE is recommended for sustainable fisheries and public health protection.