International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment
The International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment (IJREE) is a publication of the National Centre for Energy and Environment. The Journal contains scientific research into all aspects of Renewable Energy resources, their interaction with the environment and relationship with man. This journal is multidisciplinary in approach and interdisciplinary in scope promoting findings in a wide range of subject areas: Renewable Energy Technology, Agricultural Engineering Technology, Biomass Feedstock and Conversion, Environmental Forensics, Environmental Law and Policy, Environmental Management, Human Health and Life cycle Assessment, Biological Modelling, Environmental Engineering, Energy Efficiency, Climate Change and Carbon Capture Technology. In view of the multidisciplinary nature of the journal, the Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Committee are made up of a broad spectrum of internationally recognized scientist, academicians and policy makers who will encourage publications that display only the highest standards of international scholarship.
National Centre for Energy and Environment
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST IOT-ENABLED REMOTE SENSING DEVICE FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
This study evaluates the effectiveness of an IoT-enabled remote sensing device for real-time water quality monitoring, tailored to the unique challenges of developing countries like Nigeria. Utilizing a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, temperature, TDS, and turbidity sensors, and Firebase Realtime Database for data storage, the system provides accurate and timely insights into water quality parameters. Tested in a controlled aquaculture pond, the device demonstrated its efficiency in gathering and transmitting data, supporting both environmental monitoring and aquaculture optimization. The system's low-cost, energy-efficient design makes it accessible for resource-constrained settings, addressing the historical underutilization of IoT technologies in developing nations. This innovation holds potential for broad applications, from sustainability research and guiding government policies to enable real-time monitoring of natural water bodies, promoting better water resource management and environmental stewardship.
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FUZZY LOGIC-BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
This study reviews the applications of fuzzy logic in energy management systems (EMS) for hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) constitute a collection of renewable sources, including solar, wind or hydropower to provide energy reliably and sustainably, however their performance is highly influenced by the intermittent and unpredictable characteristics of green energy generation. Thanks to its capacity to work in the shaded overall vision, fuzzy logic is an excellent fit for this obstacle in spite of uncertainty, undeniable and deficient information. The key components of the fuzzy logic-based EMS are (fuzzification, rule base, inference mechanism and defuzzification) which demonstrate how these components support an adaptive and intelligent energy management. This contributes to the flexibility, efficiency and reliability of HRES by dynamically responding to fluctuations in energy generation and demand. As per the paper, using fuzzy logic together with artificial intelligence and machine learning can also help improve forecasting and decision-making. All in all, fuzzy logic shows itself as a useful mechanism for sustainable energy optimization.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION IN IOT-ENABLED MANUFACTURING USING FUZZY ALGORITHMS
This review examines the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and fuzzy logic algorithms for improving energy efficiency in manufacturing systems. Rising energy costs, environmental concerns, and the need for sustainable industrial operations have increased interest in intelligent energy management approaches. IoT technologies enable real-time monitoring of machine performance, process conditions, and energy consumption through interconnected sensors and devices. However, the large volume of data generated in such environments is often uncertain, incomplete, or imprecise. Fuzzy logic algorithms provide a suitable solution by supporting flexible decision-making under uncertain conditions. The article discusses how the combination of IoT and fuzzy logic can optimize energy use, reduce waste, improve operational efficiency, and support predictive maintenance in manufacturing environments. It also highlights key implementation challenges, including data processing complexity, system integration, and the need for adaptive control strategies. In addition, the review outlines the major benefits of this approach, such as cost reduction, environmental sustainability, and improved production performance. Overall, the review shows that IoT-enabled manufacturing systems supported by fuzzy logic offer strong potential for intelligent and sustainable energy optimization in modern industrial settings.
ASSESSEMENT OF THE BASELINE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS OF ESAN SOUTH EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
The knowledge of spatial distribution of soil organic carbon is an important requirement for understanding the role of soils in the global carbon system. In this study, soil samples were obtained from the land of different uses in Esan South East Local Government Area, Edo State, South-South Nigeria, in order to determine the forms and spatial distribution of organic carbon content of the soils. The soils were collected from 0 – 15cm (topsoil) and 15 – 30cm (subsoil) depths. The soil samples were physically fractionated into labile organic carbon fraction and recalcitrant organic carbon fraction following standard methods. Selected physiochemical properties of the soils were also determined and the results obtained were subjected to statistical analyses. The result showed that the labile organic carbon fraction accounted for 15 percent of the total organic carbons while the recalcitrant organic carbon fraction accounted for 85 percent indicating that the recalcitrant organic carbon fraction is of a greater proportion than the labile organic carbon fraction. These fractions were found to be decreasing also with the depth. The soil organic carbon is also low. The study also shows that the different land uses contributed to the relatively low levels labile organic carbon in the soil hence appropriate crop and soil management practices are required in maintaining or improving the organic carbon status of the soil.
PHOSPHORYLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN AND ITS APPLICATION ON MILITARY UNIFORM AS A FLAME RETARDANT
The use of coconut fiber an agricultural waste was considered as an environmentally friendly and affordable alternative in the formulation of an environmentally friendly bio-based phosphorus containing flame retardant to be used on military uniforms in Nigerian defence system to mitigate the impact of fire hazards for soldiers during high-risk situations. This was achieved by extraction and modification of lignin from coconut husks using phosphoric acids. Strips of fabrics were treated with 30% aqueous solutions of virgin lignin (V-Lig) and phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig). The structures of the virgin lignin extracted(V-Lig) and the phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterizations showed that phosphate groups were covalently bonded to the lignin structure indicating the success of the lignin modifications. Strips of fabrics were treated with 30 % aqueous solutions of the virgin lignin (V-Lig) and the phosphoric acid modified lignin (PM-Lig). The thermo-gravimetric analysis in nitrogen atmosphere performed at 950 oC with heating rate of 10 oC/min. For the flame retardant treated fabrics showed slow rate of weight loss with high char residue and high ultimate degradation temperatures (57 % weight loss with 42% char for V-Lig and 65 % weight loss with 50 % char for PM-Lig) against the untreated fabric sample which degraded completely with no char residue (100 % weight loss with 0 % char) indicating high thermal stability for the treated fabrics. Flammability characteristics of the treated fabric samples investigated by UL-90 horizontal burning test showed very high flame resistance (109.0 mms-1 burning rate with 94.071 % weight loss for V-Lig and 45 mms-1 burning rate with 66.4 % weight loss for the PM-Lig) when compared to the untreated fabric sample (127.2 mms-1 burning rate and 94.662 % weight loss) confirming the PM-Lig to be a good flame retardant for fabrics with an ease of application.
EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED COPING AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES TO FLOODING IN FLOOD-PRONE AREAS IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
Flooding remains one of the most persistent environmental challenges affecting urban centres in Nigeria, especially rapidly growing cities with inadequate infrastructure and weak land-use control. This study evaluated community-based coping mechanisms and adaptive strategies to flooding in flood-prone areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. It examined residents’ experiences of flooding, identified the major causes and impacts of flood events, and assessed the effectiveness of coping strategies adopted by local communities. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, oral interviews, and field observations, while secondary data came from relevant official publications. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents from three flood-prone communities in Ilorin metropolis: Abdulwahab Folawiyo Road, Amilegbe/Ojagboro, and Abattoir along Sobi Barracks. Socio-economic characteristics were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, while an index termed Severity of flood Index (SFI) and Effectiveness of Coping Mechanisms Index (ECI) were developed. Findings showed that 65.8% of respondents had experienced flooding in the past year. Major causes identified were heavy rainfall (55.4%), indiscriminate waste disposal (35.8%), blocked drainage systems (26.5%), and development on floodplains (17.3%). The most severe impacts were on agricultural production (SFI=4.77), health (SFI =3.96), transportation (SFI=3.93), roads (SFI=3.68), and household property (SFI=3.62). Common coping measures included sandbags (35.4%), drainage clearing (20.0%), temporary protective structures (15.8%), and channelization of watercourses (9.6%). Protective structures had the highest effectiveness index (ECI=2.11), followed by drainage sediment removal (ECI = 2.04) and sand-filled sacks (ECI=1.89). The study concludes that community-based strategies significantly reduce flood impacts and recommends stronger institutional support, improved drainage infrastructure, effective land-use control, and integration of local adaptation practices into formal flood management policies.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPROVED ONSITE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
Urbanisation in Nigeria has led to the emergence of unplanned neighbourhoods because the capacity of urban planning institutions to control urban growth in most cities has been outstripped. This has made the provisions of basic services challenging which have resulted into poor domestic wastewater management and severe pollution. While several studies have been carried out on domestic wastewater management system in developing countries, gap exists on a context specific framework to an improved domestic wastewater management in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to suggest a framework which will serve as a guide to attaining an improved onsite domestic wastewater management in developing countries. An extensive review was carried out on various approaches to improved domestic wastewater management. Considering the aim of the study, a conceptual framework for improved domestic wastewater management was suggested.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF WASH PRACTICE IN PERI-URBAN IKPOBA OKHA, NIGERIA
This study assessed the physicochemical and microbiological quality of household and community drinking water sources. It examined associated water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices in selected peri-urban communities of Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was adopted, involving 191 households selected through systematic sampling. Data on water sources, treatment practices, sanitation facilities, hygiene behaviour, and recent waterborne illnesses were collected using structured questionnaires and observation checklists. Water samples from boreholes, wells, and packaged (sachet/bottled) sources were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters in accordance with World Health Organization drinking water standards. Boreholes were the main source of drinking water for 71.2% of households, followed by packaged water (28.8%), while only 35.6% of respondents treated water before consumption. Physicochemical parameters, including pH (6.6–7.8), electrical conductivity (120–510 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (85–380 mg/L), and nitrate levels (3.2–28.7 mg/L), were generally within recommended limits across all water sources. However, microbiological analysis revealed significant contamination, with total coliforms detected in 31% of borehole samples and 58% of well water samples, indicating possible faecal pollution despite acceptable chemical quality. Sanitation assessment showed that 56.5% of households used pit latrines, while 18.3% still practiced open defecation. Hygiene practices were suboptimal, as although 68.6% reported handwashing with soap after toilet use, 41.4% lacked functional handwashing facilities. Waterborne diseases were reported by 38.7% of households within six months preceding the survey, with children under five accounting for 44% of cases. Overall, the findings highlight persistent public health risks linked to microbiological water contamination and inadequate WASH practices, underscoring the need for routine water quality monitoring, improved groundwater protection, household water treatment, and strengthened sanitation and hygiene infrastructure.
SOURCE CHARACTERISATION OF CO₂ EMISSIONS IN PETROLEUM REFINERIES IN PORT HARCOURT: RELEVANCE FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
This study assessed the sources, operational drivers, and feasibility of implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) at the refinery. Data were collected from 18 staff members, including engineers, environmental officers, operations managers, and maintenance personnel, through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, supplemented by secondary reports. Respondents estimated annual CO₂ emissions between 1–5 million tonnes, with the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit (29.8%), fired heaters/boilers (27.2%), and steam methane reforming (SMR, 19.1%) identified as the primary contributors. Reported CO₂ concentrations in flue gases ranged from 5–15%, with FCC and SMR units exhibiting 8–12% and 12–15%, respectively, indicating suitability for post-combustion capture technologies. Energy consumption was concentrated in FCC (120–150 MW/day), boilers (80–100 MW/day), and SMR units (60–70 MW/day), further highlighting their role as major emission drivers. Capacity utilization post-2024 rehabilitation was 53.3% for the New Plant and 41.7% for the Old Plant, reflecting underutilization and operational instability. While 44% of staff demonstrated familiarity with CCS and identified existing natural gas pipelines and compression infrastructure as adaptable for CO₂ transport, 56% had limited or no knowledge, indicating gaps in technical readiness. The study concludes that targeted CCS implementation at high-emission units is technically feasible, but successful deployment requires enhanced monitoring systems, workforce training, and infrastructural assessment. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers and refinery management in Nigeria and contribute to strategies for emissions reduction in oil and gas operations in emerging economies.
THE POTENTIALS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF BIOMASS ENERGY: A REVIEW
Global increase in energy demand and dependence on fossil fuels have highlighted the need for sustainable alternatives, prompting expanded research into biomass as a renewable energy resource. Biomass are materials that have their route from organic materials like plants and animals, including by-products of agricultural, food and livestock industries have been confirmed as a source of renewable energy. This review provides an extensive assessment of energy derivative from biomass, their properties, prospect and challenges in utilisation as a source of energy. Papers from different authors were reviewed and their results point towards the problems encountered in their utilization; the merits proclaimed by authors of previous research have been pointed. Despite the hype in sustainability, reliability and environmental conserving properties, most countries are still over-reliant on fossil fuel. Therefore, this review highlights the merits and demerits of the use of biomass energy as a close substitute for conventional forms of energy It is concluded that most of the harmonisation techniques of using biomass a source of energy is still at the laboratory scale in some developing countries and ways of commercialising this technology was suggested.
ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN ROADSIDE SOILS AND SOME VEGETALES ALONG NNAMDI AZIKIWE EXPRESS WAY, KADUNA.
The research aimed to assess the spatial distribution of heavy metals in some vegetables and roadside soils along the Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway in Kaduna. The soil samples were collected at random from nine locations down to a depth of 20 cm in replicates. In the same area where the soil samples were collected, the vegetable samples were likewise chosen at random. The Nariya farm provided the control samples. The samples were allowed to air dry, mixed, and sieved. Nine soils and twenty-seven vegetables were used to prepare the samples. The samples were then digested using the wet technique. Using a pH meter and the conventional Walkley-Black method, the following physiochemical parameters were measured: pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and soil organic matter. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to assess the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni in soil and vegetable samples that were gathered from the roadside at Kawo, Panteka, Kurmin Mashi, Badikko, Tudun Wada, Kabala West, Kudenda, Nassarawa, and Trikania. The findings showed that the soil's pH was generally basic (7.8) and somewhat acidic (6.9). At Kawo and Nassarawa, the EC value was 0.278 ds/cm and the OC value was 12.0g/kg. Zn had the greatest mean concentration in mg/kg of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni, measuring 166.40. The same was true for vegetables, with Zn values of 278.28, 230.90, and 274.90 for spinach, lettuce, and cabbage, respectively. The contamination factor indicates that Ni is marginally enhanced in vegetables at Badikko and Tudun Wada and below the detection limit in all soil samples. For every metal, the translocation factor was less than 1, however at Kawo, Panteka, Badikko, Tudun Wada, and Nassarawa. With the exception of one location that exhibits heavy pollution with PLI >1, the area was not significantly polluted. Nonetheless, the assessment's findings show that there was an increased concentration of Zn and Pb at all nine locations, which was consistent with findings from other researchers. As a result, the toxicants were below the NESREA-established permissible limit. However, because of the metals present from various operations that took place at the site, the concentration of these metals does not follow a regular pattern; instead, fluctuation was seen in the sample. To reduce the spread of harmful contaminants into the environment, government organizations should, however, provide for legislation, awareness, education, waste management, a modern transportation system, and regular analysis.
THERMODYNAMIC AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BOX-TYPE SOLAR COOKERS: A REVIEW (2015–2025)
Access to clean cooking energy remains a critical challenge in sub-Saharan Africa despite abundant solar irradiance. This study presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of box-type solar cookers published between 2015 and 2025, integrating first-law and second-law thermodynamic assessment. Nineteen experimental and field-based studies were synthesized using a random-effects model. The pooled thermal efficiency was 34.7% (95% CI: 32.9–36.5%), while reported exergy efficiency ranged between 8–15%, indicating substantial irreversibility primarily due to radiative and convective losses. Standardized mean difference analysis (Hedges’ g = 0.82) confirms that double-reflector configurations produce statistically significant performance improvements compared to single-reflector systems. Insulation improvements contributed moderately but with diminishing marginal gains. A generalized predictive efficiency correlation and uncertainty propagation framework are proposed to enable standardized cross-study benchmarking. Despite thermodynamic advancement, adoption rates remain below 20% in several semi-arid regions, demonstrating that engineering optimization alone does not guarantee large-scale deployment. The study provides an integrated analytical foundation for evaluating thermodynamic ceilings and socio-technical scalability of solar cooking technologies.
BIO-ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF CALLINECTES AMNICOLA AND PENAEUS MONODON FROM ESCRAVOS ESTUARY, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined Ni and Pb concentrations in sediment, Callinectes amnicola, and Penaeus monodon from Escravos Estuary (EE), Delta State, Nigeria. The estuary was divided into three stations (X, Y, Z) based on fish landing sites, while seasonal sampling was dry (January to March) and wet (April to June) seasons in 2025. Sediment, C. amnicola, and P. monodon were collected for six months and analyzed for nickel, lead, and health risk indices—Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI)—using standard procedures. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics at 5% significance. Results revealed significant spatial and seasonal concentrations of nickel in sediments, which peaked at station Y (0.06±0.02 mg/kg) and were lowest at X (0.03±0.02 mg/kg). In contrast, seasonal values ranged from 0.03±0.02 to 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Lead was highest at X (0.04±0.02 mg/kg) and lowest at Y (0.04±0.01 mg/kg), with seasonal values 0.02±0.01–0.03±0.01 mg/kg. In C. amnicola, Ni-THQ was 0.0758, HI 0.6754, while P. monodon showed Ni-THQ 0.0249, HI 0.6710. Rising Ni and Pb levels, alongside elevated risk indices, indicate threats to species abundance and human consumers. Regular monitoring of EE is recommended for sustainable fisheries and public health protection.
A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BIOFUELS AND ELECTRIC PROPULSION FOR SMALL-SCALE MARINE TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA
Nigeria's small-scale marine transport sector which encompasses inland waterways, coastal ferries, fishing vessels, and naval patrol craft operating across approximately 10,000 kilometres of waterways, remains heavily dependent on petrol and diesel, generating significant air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy insecurity. This review systematically compares two alternative energy pathways; biofuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas), and electric propulsion (battery-electric and hybrid-electric), for applicability to Nigerian small-scale marine vessels (5–50 m). Evaluated against technical feasibility, environmental performance, economic viability, and infrastructural readiness, the analysis demonstrates that hybrid setups utilizing battery-electric systems with biofuel-powered engines provide the best results across various metrics, and biodiesel offers the most immediately deployable pathway through drop-in compatibility with existing engines; while battery-electric propulsion is superior for short-route urban ferries contingent on grid improvements. The exploration closes with a phased, portfolio-based transition strategy with clear regulatory and financing recommendations.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS CONDITIONS INFLUENCE ON GLUCOSE, XYLOSE AND BIOETHANOL YIELD FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTE PALM FRUIT BUNCHES
This study examined the effect of processing parameters (acid concentration, temperature and process duration) on the yield of glucose, xylose and bioethanol synthesized from lignocellulosic waste palm fruit bunches. Raw material was procured from a palm oil processing company in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. It was mechanically communited, characterized and hydrolyzed using different concentrations of H2SO4, temperatures and resident times. Hydrolysates were tested for xylose and glucose yield using a spectrophotometer Hydrolysates were then fermented at room temperature for different time duration using Saccharomyces sereviciae. Hydrolysis and fermentation processes were modeled and optimized using the RSM. A laboratory distiller was used to purify the bioethanol obtained, and the proximate composition and fuel properties were determined. Results showed that the feedstock had a composition of 74.33 % holocellulose, (57.44 % α-cellulose and 16.89 % hemicelluloses), 15.87 % lignin and 5.57 % ash. RSM polynomial of the quadratic form adequately expressed the relationship existing between process variables and yield of glucose, xylose, and bioethanol with R2 and SEE ranging from 0.963 to 0.993 and 0.121 to 2.501, respectively. Optimum glucose and xylose yield was 34.643g/L and 18.471g/L, at 1.196 and 1.195% acid load hydrolysis for 26.924 and 21.578 mins at 160.407 and 160.071oC, respectively. Optimum bioethanol yield of 32.838 g/L was obtained at 72.933h and 86.15% fermentation efficiency. The bioethanol had 97.68 % purity, 0.03 % ash, 0.42 % moisture content, 5.05 mg/L acidity, and 6.61 pH. The fuel properties were 791.13 kg/m3 density at 15oC, 1.67 mm/s2 viscosity at 40oC, 124 Octane Number, 13.043 kPa vapour pressure, 12.8oC flash point, 79 - 101oC distillation temperature range, 358oC auto-ignition, 29.16 MJ/kg calorific value, and 589.51oC drivability index. Proximate composition of the bioethanol satisfied the ASTM D4806 specification, its fuel properties met the International Standard, therefore, it can be blended with pure petrol for use in spark ignition engines.
OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES (OECM’s) IN OSUN STATE: A DELPHI STUDY TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE.
Other Effective Conservation Measures (OECMs) are crucial for both sustainable biodiversity use and climate change mitigation. OECM sites in Osun State were identified as a measure for biodiversity conservation using delphi research, an organized method intended to extract the insights of experts. This paper identified 14 OECM in the study area, using the global positioning system receiver to obtain geographic coordinates. The landforms and associated ecosystems were captured through direct field observations and photographs while the assessment of meeting up with the OECM standard was done using the CBD Criteria, out of which only 8 sites met the CBD criteria. The study came to the conclusion that OECMs offer a worldwide framework for identifying, enhancing, and supporting additional designations of conservation areas. Additionally, they fortify the governance and management systems now in place. OECMs help achieve CBD Aichi Target 11, according to the study. It also suggested that policies boost the legitimate authorities' ability to govern in order to promote OECMs.
HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN CATFISH AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF IKPOBA RIVER
A research of heavy metals concentration in fish samples collected from Ikpoba River, Benin City, during two months of March and July, 2024. The accumulation of heavy metals in fish is a significant concern due to their tendency to accumulate in fish tissues. Results from Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) analysis showed the presence of all six selected heavy metals (Iron, Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Copper, and Cadmium) in the fish species Clarias spp. However, concentrations were determined from the two fish tissues. In the liver, Fe, has the highest concentrations while Pb shown the lowest concentrations. The trend is as follows; Fe>Zn>Cr>Cu>Cd>Pb. In the gills, Fe, also has the highest concentration while Cu has the lowest concentrations. The order of the concentration in gills was as follows: Fe>Zn>Cd>Cr>Pb>Cu. The accumulated concentrations of heavy metals in liver is 7.19ppm higher than the gills 4.29ppm. The selected heavy metals for both tissues exceeded the maximum limits set by the WHO and FAO, except for Zinc and Copper in fish samples. This may result to chronic illness and cause potential damages to the population. Therefore, precautionary measures and continuous monitoring of Ikpoba River is necessary.
APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ASSESSING URBAN EXPANSION IN BENIN AND ITS ENVIRONS – IMPLICATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Effective monitoring of urban expansion hits serious difficulties and equally raises great questions for the future. The depletion of the natural vegetation leading to the altering of the ecology of Benin City and its Environs is of serious concern. To ascertain the extent of the aforementioned, this study applied the use of geospatial technology in assessing urban expansion in Benin and its environs. The result revealed that in 1987, forest occupied 56045.37 hectares, disturbed forest 83314.01 hectares, cultivated land 63419.92 hectares and urban land 35446.21 hectares, while in 2024 forest cover declined to 27917.74 hectares, disturbed forest 46956.81 hectares, cultivated land 76852.94 hectares and urban land 86498.02 hectares. On the overall, between 1987 and 2024 forest and disturbed forest were lost by 34.6% and 23.6% respectively, while cultivated land gained 8.7% and urban land 33.1%. This study revealed that urban expansion has severely impacted negatively on natural environment as a result of the spatial spread of urban land use over vegetation contributing to Global Warming and Climate Change. Based on the findings, there is need for conservation and management of existing land fragments in the study area. Alternative source of livelihood for the vulnerable groups should be provided by government as well.
ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD FOOD WASTE AS A POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCK FOR DECENTRALISED BIOENERGY PRODUCTION IN OKUOKOKO, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Household food waste poses persistent environmental challenges in rapidly urbanising communities, yet its relevance to decentralised bioenergy systems is rarely integrated into environmental assessments. This study examined food waste generation patterns, handling practices, and infrastructural conditions in Okuokoko, Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 250 households and analysed using descriptive statistics and reliability testing. Results indicate that 77.2% of households generate food waste daily, reflecting a temporally stable organic waste stream. Food waste generation is driven mainly by preparation-related losses (48.4%), followed by over-preparation (22.4%), weather-related spoilage (16.0%), and over-buying (8.8%). Disposal practices are predominantly unsustainable, with 57.2% of households using open dumpsites and 30.8% practising open dumping, while only 47.6% utilise waste collection services. Infrastructure constraints are evident, as 48.8% lack access to approved dumpsites. Although 58.0% report general waste management awareness, only 49.2% recognise food waste recycling, indicating a significant awareness gap.
IMPROVED (SPER) DESIGN WITH SOLAR-DRIVEN AIRFLOW AND CONTROLLED WATER CIRCULATION FOR REDUCED POSTHARVEST LOSSES IN SEMI-ARID OFF-GRID SETTINGS
Off-grid communities in Borno State face persistent challenges in preserving perishable food commodities due to high ambient temperatures, low relative humidity, and unreliable electricity supply. These constraints result in significant postharvest losses, weaken local food security, and limit the economic viability of smallholder farmers and informal food vendors. Conventional refrigeration systems, particularly vapor-compression technologies, are largely unsuitable in such contexts because of their high energy demand, dependence on continuous grid power, and environmental concerns associated with synthetic refrigerants. This study examines the viability and performance potential of a Solar-Powered Evaporative Refrigerator (SPER) as a sustainable cooling solution for off-grid environments. Constructed primarily from locally available, low-cost materials, the system was designed for autonomous operation, environmental sustainability, and scalability. Field testing under representative semi-arid conditions (ambient temperatures of 32–41 °C and relative humidity of 18–35%) demonstrated a maximum internal temperature reduction of up to 12 °C, alongside increased internal relative humidity suitable for fresh produce storage. Performance evaluation showed that the SPER reduced tomato spoilage by approximately 75% over a 72-hour storage period, significantly outperforming conventional non-insulated Zeer pots. Thermal analysis revealed that the combined effects of clay-based insulation, sustained fibre saturation, and solar-driven airflow were critical in stabilizing internal temperature and humidity levels, while maintaining low water and energy consumption. Overall, the findings confirm the SPER’s potential as a low-energy, decentralized refrigeration technology for resource-limited, off-grid settings. Its adaptability to tomatoes and other perishable commodities offers a practical pathway to reducing postharvest losses, improving food security, and promoting environmentally friendly cooling solutions in semi-arid regions.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, LIVELIHOODS, AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF OIL EXTRACTION ON MARITIME RESOURCES IN BRASS LGA, NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA
Environmental degradation from oil extraction poses significant threats to coastal livelihoods in the Niger Delta, yet integrated assessments linking ecological impacts to household well-being remain limited. This study investigates the socio-ecological consequences of oil pollution in Brass Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Specifically, it assesses patterns of oil-induced environmental degradation, examines impacts on fisheries and mangroves, and analyzes livelihood and health outcomes for coastal communities. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) oil extraction significantly affects maritime resources, and (2) repeated exposure to oil spills negatively affects livelihoods and health. Data were collected from 300 respondents using structured questionnaires and supplemented with secondary spill records. Analyses employed descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Results indicate that frequent oil spills, primarily from illegal bunkering and pipeline failures, degrade fisheries, mangroves, and water quality, leading to reduced fish catch, loss of income, health challenges, and displacement. The study recommends stricter monitoring of oil infrastructure, ecological restoration, livelihood support programs, and risk communication to enhance community resilience and sustainable resource management.
Post-Remediation Environmental Monitoring of Surface Water and Sediments at Olero Jacket 43, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Post-remediation environmental monitoring is essential for verifying whether clean-up objectives have been achieved following oil spill response activities. This study assessed surface water and bottom sediment quality at Olero Jacket 43, Niger Delta, Nigeria, after remediation, using a compliance-based monitoring approach. Surface water and sediment samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters, petroleum hydrocarbons, and selected heavy metals. Results were summarised using descriptive statistics and compared with applicable regulatory guidelines. Surface water parameters, including total petroleum hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbon content, were within regulatory limits, indicating minimal residual contamination. Sediments showed acidic and organic-rich conditions typical of swamp environments, while hydrocarbon concentrations remained below regulatory target and intervention values. Heavy metal concentrations were generally low, with only minor cadmium enrichment observed below intervention thresholds. Overall, the results confirm that remediation objectives were achieved at the time of monitoring and highlight the importance of structured post-remediation monitoring for environmental management and regulatory assurance
Game-Theoretic and Adaptive Pricing for Residential P2P Solar Microgrids in Northern Nigeria
Reliable electricity access remains a major challenge in northern Nigeria, particularly in conflict-affected areas such as Maiduguri, where prolonged grid outages have increased dependence on decentralized energy systems. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading and renewable microgrids present promising pathways for improving energy access, but their effectiveness relies on appropriate pricing mechanisms and active prosumer participation. This study models and evaluates a residential P2P microgrid situated in the 1000 Housing Estate, Maiduguri, comprising seven households, including one prosumer equipped with a 10kW solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a 40 kWh battery energy storage system (BESS). Using real household load data and a Python-based simulation environment, the study assesses PV generation feasibility, storage performance, P2P surplus allocation, and the economic impacts of three pricing schemes: Fixed-Rate, Adaptive Time-of-Use (ATOU), and Game-Theoretic (GT) pricing. Results show that the PV–BESS system reliably meets 100% of household energy demand with zero unmet load, generating 71.7 kWh/day of surplus energy for P2P distribution. A demand-weighted allocation mechanism achieves equitable sharing of prosumer surplus among households. Cost analysis indicates that GT pricing reduces total system cost by 7.4% relative to the Fixed-Rate tariff and provides the best balance between efficiency and fairness. Although ATOU yields the lowest overall cost, GT pricing demonstrates superior equity and responsiveness to household behavior, as evidenced by Gini coefficients, Lorenz curves, and violin plot distributions. The findings demonstrate that decentralized pricing and P2P trading can significantly improve energy affordability, fairness, and reliability in underserved communities. The study recommends the deployment of smart metering infrastructure, prosumer financing mechanisms, simplified licensing frameworks for P2P trading, and community-based governance structures to support scalable decentralized energy markets in Nigeria.
decentralized energy systems; peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading; game-theoretic pricing; solar photovoltaic (PV) microgrid; battery energy storage system (BESS); adaptive time-of-use (ATOU) tariffs; energy equity and fairness; Nigerian Electricity Act 2023.
Electrical Engineering; Energy Systems; Renewable Energy; Sustainable Development and Energy Policy
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOMETRY ON WINDFLOW FOR ACTIVATING NATURAL VENTILATION IN BUILDINGS
Natural ventilation is hugely reliant on microclimatic conditions of an environment. In urban setting, this is often influenced by wind movements and air temperatures. The correlation between building heights and their proximity to each other and presence of physical structures that form the urban geometric elements are known to influence the incoming and outgoing wind speeds. This in turn impacts on the quantity and quality of air available for wind driven natural or hybrid ventilation. In this paper, field studies were carried out on selected building and its immediate surroundings within Baze University Campus in Nigeria. This study aims to identify and evaluate the behaviors of air flow as well as analyze the impacts of environmental geometric elements on the natural ventilation potential within the environment. For this purpose, a field survey was conducted to generate data regarding the microclimatic conditions in the study area. The study utilized both observatory analysis and simulation to analyze and describe the conditions measured. The general conclusion is that the surrounding street elements like trees and landscaping structures prevail in the diversion and consequent reduction of wind speed needed for natural indoor ventilation.
Housing Adaptation to Climate Change: A Critical Review of Resilient Architectural Practices and Renewable Energy Solutions
The built environment is a critical frontier for climate change mitigation and adaptation, with residential buildings accounting for a substantial portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a critical review of contemporary literature (2020-2025) synthesizing advancements in climate-resilient housing through integrated architectural and renewable energy solutions. A systematic analysis of 51 studies examines three core areas: passive and active architectural design for thermal resilience; the role of decentralized renewable energy in enhancing autonomy; and the socio-technical, policy, and governance dimensions of implementation. The review identifies a paradigm shift from static efficiency toward dynamic, adaptive building systems, highlighting the efficacy of bioclimatic design, smart materials, and AI-driven management. Decentralized solar energy is underscored as fundamental for decarbonization and energy security, though its success depends on supportive policies, community engagement, and equitable finance. Persistent gaps are noted, including the need for holistic lifecycle assessments, scalable models for low-income contexts, and stronger integration of technical and social equity approaches. The review concludes by advocating for a transformative shift toward adaptive, regenerative, and just residential environments.
IMPACT OF ADDITION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TiO2) NANO PARTICLE ON THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL EXTRACTED FROM JATROPHA OIL
Vegetable oils are gaining increasing attention as sustainable substitutes for conventional mineral oils in electrical insulation applications due to their biodegradability, renewability, and favorable thermal characteristics. Among these alternatives, Jatropha curcas oil has demonstrated promising dielectric properties, particularly adequate electrical breakdown strength for high-voltage applications. However, there remains limited understanding of the dielectric behavior of Jatropha biodiesel modified with metal oxide nanoparticles, as most existing studies focus on crude or refined oils and employ narrow or unsystematic nanoparticle loadings, with insufficient correlation between structural characteristics and dielectric performance. In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticle incorporation on the dielectric properties of biodiesel derived from purified Jatropha curcas oil was systematically investigated. The crude oil was first purified and transesterified to obtain biodiesel, after which TiO₂ nanoparticles were dispersed at concentrations ranging from 0.1 wt.% to 0.5 wt.% in increments of 0.1 wt.%. Structural, elemental, and molecular characterizations of the crude oil, biodiesel, and nanoparticle-modified samples were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Dielectric parameters, including dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), and dissipation factor (tan δ), were measured over a range of temperatures using a digital LCR meter. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles significantly enhances the dielectric performance of Jatropha biodiesel by reducing dielectric losses and improving polarization stability. These findings highlight the potential of TiO₂-modified Jatropha biodiesel as an environmentally friendly and high-performance insulating fluid for high-voltage and high-temperature electrical applications.
Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Jatropha oil, Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
NEIGHBORHOOD-SCALE ANALYSIS OF URBAN GROWTH AND LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION IN RIKKOS AND LAMINGO, JOS NORTH, NIGERIA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa is changing land use and land cover (LULC) patterns, with significant implications for ecological sustainability and spatial planning. This study assessed LULC dynamics in Rikkos and Lamingo, Plateau State, Nigeria, between 2014 and 2024, to understand spatial patterns of urbanization and land degradation. Multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI imageries (30 m spatial resolution) were analyzed using supervised classification (maximum likelihood algorithm) and post-classification comparison within a GIS framework. Five major LULC categories: built-up, farmland, vegetation, rock outcrop, and water body were identified and classified. The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 94.2% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.90, confirming its strong reliability. Results revealed a substantial increase in built-up areas (+54.13%) and rock outcrops (+414.77%), largely at the expense of farmland (−37.43%) and vegetation (−50.15%), while water body showed minor change (−13.73%). These shifts reflect intense anthropogenic pressure, rapid urban expansion, and progressive land degradation. The study emphasizes the pressing need for integrated land-use planning, afforestation, and the reclamation of degraded areas to foster sustainable environmental management and enhance ecosystem resilience. The findings provide a spatial basis for policy formulation aimed at curbing uncontrolled land conversion in rapidly urbanizing regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
GC-MS PROFILING, ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANALYSIS OF THE N-HEXANE EXTRACT OF THE SEEDS OF RAPHIA HOOKERI OBTAINED IN DELTA STATE
Raphia hookeri is widely employed in African traditional medicine for diverse therapeutic purposes; however, its bioactive potential remains inadequately investigated. This study examined the chemical composition of the n-hexane seed extract of Raphia hookeri and assessed its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, phenolic compounds, sterols, and cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant evaluation using the DPPH radical scavenging assay demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, indicating the strong bioactive potential of the seed oil. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Candida krusei. The extract exhibited pronounced antimicrobial efficacy against all tested organisms, with zones of inhibition ranging from 18 to 25 mm. Anti-inflammatory assessment showed a maximum inhibition of 60.15% at a concentration of 500 µg/mL, compared to 89.13% inhibition obtained for diclofenac used as the reference drug. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the extract was determined to be 2.5 mg/mL. These findings provide scientific support for the therapeutic relevance of Raphia hookeri seed oil and highlight its potential application in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and industrial formulations aimed at developing sustainable and affordable health solutions.
EFFECT OF EXTREME CLIMATE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL DISCOMFORT IN JOS METROPOLIS, PLATEAU STATE
Amid rising global climate concerns, Jos Metropolis in Nigeria, a high-altitude city historically known for temperate conditions, now experiences abrupt temperature fluctuations (“Jos weather”) that induce significant physiological discomfort. This study investigated (i) specific weather conditions causing discomfort, (ii) the nature and extent of discomfort during extreme heat/cold, (iii) the most affected demographic groups, and (iv) coping strategy effectiveness. A descriptive survey design was adopted targeting 1,101,300 residents of Jos North and South LGAs (NPC, 2022). Using Taro Yamane’s formula, 400 respondents were selected via stratified random sampling. A validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.818) and Landsat-derived LST analysis (2014–2024) were employed. Results revealed extreme heat and cold spells as primary drivers, causing respiratory issues, dehydration, and joint pain, worsened by urban expansion (+7.474 km² built-up area). The elderly are most vulnerable, with significant demographic differences (ANOVA F(3,379) = 6.247, p = 0.001) and a strong climate-discomfort relationship (r = 0.672, p < 0.001). Current coping strategies offer only moderate relief. The study recommends portable fans, insulated clothing, cooling centres, N95 mask distribution, GIS-based vulnerability mapping, and aggressive green infrastructure development to mitigate escalating health risks in Jos Metropolis.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WASTE LUBRICATING OIL ON SOIL QUALITY IN AUTOMOBILE WORKSHOPS IN DELTA STATE
This study assessed the impact of waste lubricating oil (WLO) management on soil quality in automobile workshops across three local government areas in Delta State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected using a soil auger from five sites in Uwvie, Warri, Oghara and Sapele automobile workshops. Physicochemical and heavy metal analyses were conducted to evaluate contamination levels. Results showed moderately acidic soils (pH 4.60–7.20) except WARS1, which was slightly basic. Cadmium concentrations exceeded WHO limits, while heavy metals followed the trend Cr > Zn > Pb > Cd. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were high (724.09–8630.39 µg/kg), indicating hydrocarbon contamination. ANOVA showed significant variation only in Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) and n-hexadecane, while PCA explained 96% of the dataset variance. The TPH contamination trend was WARS2 > SAPS2 > WARS1 > OGHS1 > SAPS1. The study concludes that improper WLO disposal significantly degrades soil quality, posing ecological and sustainability risks.